When there are two different conductors or semiconductors A and B to form a loop, and the two ends are connected to each other, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, the temperature of one end is T, which is called the working end or hot end, and the temperature of the other end is T0 , known as the free end (also called the reference end) or the cold end, an electromotive force will be generated in the loop, and the direction and magnitude of the electromotive force are related to the material of the conductor and the temperature of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called 'thermoelectric effectThe thermoelectromotive force consists of two parts, one part is the contact electromotive force of two conductors, and the other part is the thermoelectric electromotive force of a single conductor. The size of the thermoelectromotive force in the thermocouple loop is only related to the conductor material that composes the thermocouple and the temperature of the two junctions, and has nothing to do with the shape and size of the thermocouple. When the two electrode materials of the thermocouple are fixed, the thermoelectromotive force is the function difference between the two junction temperatures t and t0. That is, when there is a temperature gradient at both ends, a current will flow through the loop, and at this time, there is an electromotive force between the two ends—thermo-electromotive force, which is the so-called Seebeck effect. Homogeneous conductors with two different compositions are hot electrodes, the higher temperature end is the working end, the lower temperature end is the free end, and the free end is usually at a constant temperature. According to the functional relationship between thermoelectromotive force and temperature, a thermocouple indexing table is made. The graduation table is obtained under the condition that the temperature of the free end is at 0°C, and different thermocouples have different graduation tables. When the third metal material is connected to the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperature of the two junctions of the material is the same, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple will remain unchanged, that is, it will not be affected by the third metal being connected to the loop. Therefore, when measuring the temperature of the thermocouple, the measuring instrument can be connected, and the temperature of the measured medium can be known after measuring the thermoelectromotive force.
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